Os novos resultadoss vêm da parte de caça a asteróides da missão WISE, chamada NEOWISE. O projeto obteve amostras de 107 PHAs para fazer previsões sobre sua população no todo. Descobertas indicam que eles são cerca de 4.700 PHAs, mais ou menos 1.500, com diâmetros maiores que 100 metros. Até aqui, cerca de 20 a 30% desses objetos foram encontrados.
A nova análise também indica que cerca de duas vezes mais PHAs do que anteriormente se pensava devem se situar em órbitas de "inclinação mais baixa", que são mais alinhadas à da Terra. Além disso, esses objetos de órbitas de inclinação baixa parecem ser um tanto mais brilhantes e menores que os outros asteróides próximos à Terra que passam mais tempo longe da Terra. Um exlplicação possível é que muitos dos PHAs podem ter se originado de uma colisão entre dois asteróidesem seu cinturão principal, que fica entre Marte e Jípiter. Um astro maior com uma órbita de baixa inclinação pode ter-se fragmentado no cinturão principal, fazendo com que mais fragmentos vaguem por órbitas mais próximas à da Terra, finalmente se tornando PHAs.
Asteróides com órbitas de inclinação mais baixa poderiam se chocar mais facilmente com a Terra, e mais fáceis de alcançar.
A descoberta que muitos PHAs tendem a ser mais brilhantes diz algo sobre sua composição; eles são provavelmente mais rochosos, como granito, ou metálicos.
Esse tipo de informação é importante para avaliar os perigos potenciais das rochas espacias para a Terra. A composição dos astros afetaria a velocidade de sua queima na atmosfera.
Potentially hazardous asteroids, or PHAs, are a subset of the larger group of near-Earth asteroids. The PHAs have the closest orbits to Earth's, coming within five million miles (about eight million kilometers), and they are big enough to survive passing through Earth's atmosphere and cause damage on a regional, or greater, scale.
The new results come from the asteroid-hunting portion of the WISE mission, called NEOWISE. The project sampled 107 PHAs to make predictions about the entire population as a whole. Findings indicate there are roughly 4,700 PHAs, plus or minus 1,500, with diameters larger than 330 feet (about 100 meters). So far, an estimated 20 to 30 percent of these objects have been found.
While previous estimates of PHAs predicted similar numbers, they were rough approximations. NEOWISE has generated a more credible estimate of the objects' total numbers and sizes.
"The NEOWISE analysis shows us we've made a good start at finding those objects that truly represent an impact hazard to Earth," said Lindley Johnson, program executive for the Near-Earth Object Observation Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "But we've many more to find, and it will take a concerted effort during the next couple of decades to find all of them that could do serious damage or be a mission destination in the future."
The new analysis also suggests that about twice as many PHAs as previously thought are likely to reside in "lower-inclination" orbits, which are more aligned with the plane of Earth's orbit. In addition, these lower-inclination objects appear to be somewhat brighter and smaller than the other near-Earth asteroids that spend more time far away from Earth. A possible explanation is that many of the PHAs may have originated from a collision between two asteroids in the main belt lying between Mars and Jupiter. A larger body with a low-inclination orbit may have broken up in the main belt, causing some of the fragments to drift into orbits closer to Earth and eventually become PHAs.
Asteroids with lower-inclination orbits would be more likely to encounter Earth and would be easier to reach. The results therefore suggest more near-Earth objects might be available for future robotic or human missions.
"NASA's NEOWISE project, which wasn't originally planned as part of WISE, has turned out to be a huge bonus," said Amy Mainzer, NEOWISE principal investigator, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "Everything we can learn about these objects helps us understand their origins and fate. Our team was surprised to find the overabundance of low-inclination PHAs. Because they will tend to make more close approaches to Earth, these targets can provide the best opportunities for the next generation of human and robotic exploration."
The discovery that many PHAs tend to be bright says something about their composition; they are more likely to be either stony, like granite, or metallic. This type of information is important in assessing the space rocks' potential hazards to Earth. The composition of the bodies would affect how quickly they might burn up in our atmosphere if an encounter were to take place.
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