Máquinas voadoras mais esguias e verdes (no sentido ecológico) que deverão estar voando lá pelo ano 2025 estão nas pranchetas de três equipes de projetistas de indústrias contratadas para o Projeto de Aviação Ambientalmente Responsável (ERA) da Diretoria de Missões de Pesquisa Aeronáuticas da NASA.
Equipes da Boeing, Lockheed Martin e Northrop Grumman passaram o ano de 2011 estudando como atender às exigências da NASA para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que permitam aos aviões do futuro gastar 50 por cento menos combustível do que os aviões que começaram a operar em 1998 (a linha de base do estudo), com uma redução de emissão de poluentes de 75 por cento; e reduzir em 83% a extensão das regiões geográficas afetadas pelo ruído indesejável de aeroportos.
"O verdadeiro desafio é que nós queremos atingir todos esses objetivos simultaneamente," disse o gerente do Projeto ERA, Fay Collier. "É algo que nunca foi feito anteriormente. Nós vimos algumas métricas muito difíceis e tentamos reduzi-las todas ao mesmo tempo."
Então, a NASA apresentou aquele desafio à indústria – um orçamento pouco inferior a US$11 milhões a ser dividido entre as três equipes para avaliar que tipo de projeto de avião e tecnologias permitiriam atingir esses objetivos. As companhias acabam de entregar à NASA seus resultados.
"Nós vamos examinar os três estudos e depois veremos o que fazer em seguida," disse Collier.
O conceito de veículo avançado da Boeing gira em torno do hoje conhecido design que mistura asa e fuselagem, como visto com o X-48 em escala reduzida, pilotado por controle remoto, testado no túnel de vento do Centro de Pesquisas Langley da NASA e levado a voar a partir do Centro Dryden de Pesquisas de Voo. Uma das coisas que tornam esse conceito diferente dos aviões atuais é a localização de seus motores Pratt & Whitney turbofan especialmente desenvolvidos. Os motores ficam na parte superior traseira do avião, ladeados por duas caudas verticais destinadas a proteger as pessoas no solo do barulho das turbinas. O avião deverá ter também uma estrutura de materiais compostos leve avançada e resistente; tecnologias de redução de ruído; instrumentos de controle de voo avançados; controle de fluxo híbrido laminar, que significa superícies projetadas para reduzir o arrasto; e asas de grande envergadura, que aumentam a eficiência do uso de combustível.
A Lockheed Martin apresentou uma abordagem completamente diferente. Seus engenheiros propuseram um design de "asa caixa", no qual uma asa dianteira acoplada à parte inferior da barriga do avião é unida nas pontas a uma asa traseira disposta sobre a parte superior do avião. A companhia estudou durante três décadas o conceito de asa-caixa (box wing), mas estava à espera do surgimento de materiais compostos leves, tecnologias de trem de pouso, fluxo híbrido laminar e outras ferramentas para tornar a configuração viável. A proposta da Lockheed combina o desenho exclusivo com um motor Rolls Royce Liberty Works Ultra Fan. Este motor tem uma taxa de bypass aproximadamente cinco vezes mais alta que a dos motores atuais, estendendo os limites da tecnologia de motores turbofan.
Já a Northrop Grumman optou por adotar algo que é parte da sua história e remonta aos anos 1930-40, com seu conceito de veículo avançado. Seu formato é o de uma asa voadora, ideia apoiada pelo fundador da Northrop, Jack Northrop, e remanescente de seu avião B-2. Quatro motores de alto bypass (contorno, desvio do ar), fornecidos pela Rolls Royce e embutidos na superfície superior da asa de alta eficiência aerodinâmica emitiriam menos ruído. A expertise da companhia na fabricação de aviões sem establizadores de cauda seria aproveitada no mercado de aviões de carreira. A proposta da Northrop incorpora também materiais compostos e motores avançados, além de tecnologias de controle de fluxo laminar de asa curva.
O que os estudos revelaram, afinal, é que os objetivos da NASA de redução de consumo de combustível, emissões e ruído são na verdade desafiadores. Os projetos preliminares atendem todos às exigências de redução da poluição, com a eliminação de 50% das emissões de óxido de nitrogênio nos pousos e decolagens. Mas todos eles têm ainda algum trecho a percorrer no tocante às outras duas metas. os três projetos estão bem próximo de alcançar uma redução de 50% na queima de combustível, mas a capacidade de redução de ruído varia entre eles.
"As três equipes fizeram um trabalho muito bom nesta fase de estudos conceituais,” diz Mark Mangelsdorf, engenheiro-chefe do Projeto ERA. “seus resultados me deixam animado a respeito de quão interessantes e diferentes os aviões poderão ser daqui a 20 anos. Outro grande resultado dos estudoe é que eles nos mostraram onde concentrar os investimentos em pesquisa nos próximos anos," disse.
Os responsáveis pelo Projeto ERA da NASA dizem acreditar que todos os objetivos poderão ser alcançados se pequenos acréscimos na redução de ruído e consumo de combustível puderem ser obtidos além daqueles projetados nos estudos das indústrias. Os resultados mostram alternativas para vencer os obstáculos tecnológicos e de projeto que a industria aeronáutica enfrenta na tentativa de conceber aviões esguios e verdes, menos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente, e auxiliarão a direcionar a estratégia de investimento da NASA em uma aviação ambientalmente responsável na segunda parte do seu projeto de seis anos.
Leaner, greener flying machines for the year 2025 are on the drawing
boards of three industry teams under contract to the NASA Aeronautics
Research Mission Directorate's Environmentally Responsible Aviation
Project.
Teams from The Boeing Company in Huntington Beach, California., Lockheed Martin in Palmdale, California., and Northrop Grumman in El Segundo, California., have spent the last year studying how to meet NASA goals to develop technology that would allow future aircraft to burn 50 percent less fuel than aircraft that entered service in 1998 (the baseline for the study), with 75 percent fewer harmful emissions; and to shrink the size of geographic areas affected by objectionable airport noise by 83 percent.
"The real challenge is we want to accomplish all these things simultaneously," said ERA project manager Fay Collier. "It's never been done before. We looked at some very difficult metrics and tried to push all those metrics down at the same time."
So NASA put that challenge to industry – awarding a little less than $11 million to the three teams to assess what kinds of aircraft designs and technologies could help meet the goals. The companies have just given NASA their results.
"We'll be digesting the three studies and we'll be looking into what to do next," said Collier.
Boeing's advanced vehicle concept centers around the company's now familiar blended wing body design as seen in the sub-scale remotely piloted X-48, which has been wind tunnel tested at NASA's Langley Research Center and flown at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. One thing that makes this concept different from current airplanes is the placement of its Pratt & Whitney geared turbofan engines. The engines are on top of the plane's back end, flanked by two vertical tails to shield people on the ground from engine noise. The aircraft also would feature an advanced lightweight, damage tolerant, composite structure; technologies for reducing airframe noise; advanced flight controls; hybrid laminar flow control, which means surfaces designed to reduce drag; and long-span wings which improve fuel efficiency.
Lockheed Martin took an entirely different approach. Its engineers proposed a box wing design, in which a front wing mounted on the lower belly of the plane is joined at the tips to an aft wing mounted on top of the plane. The company has studied the box wing concept for three decades, but has been waiting for lightweight composite materials, landing gear technologies, hybrid laminar flow and other tools to make it a viable configuration. Lockheed's proposal combines the unique design with a Rolls Royce Liberty Works Ultra Fan Engine. This engine has a bypass ratio that is approximately five times greater than current engines, pushing the limits of turbofan technology.
Northrop Grumman chose to embrace a little of its company's history, going back to the 1930s and '40s, with its advanced vehicle concept. Its design is a flying wing, championed by Northrop founder Jack Northrop, and reminiscent of its B-2 aircraft. Four high-bypass engines, provided by Rolls Royce and embedded in the upper surface of the aerodynamically efficient wing would provide noise shielding. The company's expertise in building planes without the benefit of a stabilizing tail would be transferred to the commercial airline market. The Northrop proposal also incorporates advanced composite materials and engine and swept wing laminar flow control technologies.
What the studies revealed is that NASA's goals to reduce fuel consumption, emissions and noise are indeed challenging. The preliminary designs all met the pollution goal of eliminating landing and takeoff emissions of nitrogen oxides by 50 percent. All still have a little way to go to meet the other two challenges. All the designs were very close to a 50-percent fuel burn reduction, but noise reduction capabilities varied.
Teams from The Boeing Company in Huntington Beach, California., Lockheed Martin in Palmdale, California., and Northrop Grumman in El Segundo, California., have spent the last year studying how to meet NASA goals to develop technology that would allow future aircraft to burn 50 percent less fuel than aircraft that entered service in 1998 (the baseline for the study), with 75 percent fewer harmful emissions; and to shrink the size of geographic areas affected by objectionable airport noise by 83 percent.
"The real challenge is we want to accomplish all these things simultaneously," said ERA project manager Fay Collier. "It's never been done before. We looked at some very difficult metrics and tried to push all those metrics down at the same time."
So NASA put that challenge to industry – awarding a little less than $11 million to the three teams to assess what kinds of aircraft designs and technologies could help meet the goals. The companies have just given NASA their results.
"We'll be digesting the three studies and we'll be looking into what to do next," said Collier.
Boeing's advanced vehicle concept centers around the company's now familiar blended wing body design as seen in the sub-scale remotely piloted X-48, which has been wind tunnel tested at NASA's Langley Research Center and flown at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. One thing that makes this concept different from current airplanes is the placement of its Pratt & Whitney geared turbofan engines. The engines are on top of the plane's back end, flanked by two vertical tails to shield people on the ground from engine noise. The aircraft also would feature an advanced lightweight, damage tolerant, composite structure; technologies for reducing airframe noise; advanced flight controls; hybrid laminar flow control, which means surfaces designed to reduce drag; and long-span wings which improve fuel efficiency.
Lockheed Martin took an entirely different approach. Its engineers proposed a box wing design, in which a front wing mounted on the lower belly of the plane is joined at the tips to an aft wing mounted on top of the plane. The company has studied the box wing concept for three decades, but has been waiting for lightweight composite materials, landing gear technologies, hybrid laminar flow and other tools to make it a viable configuration. Lockheed's proposal combines the unique design with a Rolls Royce Liberty Works Ultra Fan Engine. This engine has a bypass ratio that is approximately five times greater than current engines, pushing the limits of turbofan technology.
Northrop Grumman chose to embrace a little of its company's history, going back to the 1930s and '40s, with its advanced vehicle concept. Its design is a flying wing, championed by Northrop founder Jack Northrop, and reminiscent of its B-2 aircraft. Four high-bypass engines, provided by Rolls Royce and embedded in the upper surface of the aerodynamically efficient wing would provide noise shielding. The company's expertise in building planes without the benefit of a stabilizing tail would be transferred to the commercial airline market. The Northrop proposal also incorporates advanced composite materials and engine and swept wing laminar flow control technologies.
What the studies revealed is that NASA's goals to reduce fuel consumption, emissions and noise are indeed challenging. The preliminary designs all met the pollution goal of eliminating landing and takeoff emissions of nitrogen oxides by 50 percent. All still have a little way to go to meet the other two challenges. All the designs were very close to a 50-percent fuel burn reduction, but noise reduction capabilities varied.
"All of the teams have done really great work during this conceptual
design study,” say Mark Mangelsdorf, ERA Project chief engineer. “Their
results make me excited about how interesting and different the
airplanes on the airport ramp could look in 20 years. Another great
result of the study is that they have really helped us focus where to
invest our research dollars over the next few years," he said.
NASA's ERA project officials say they believe all the goals can be met if small gains in noise and fuel consumption reduction can be achieved in addition to those projected in the industry studies. The results shed light on the technology and design hurdles airline manufacturers face in trying to design lean, green flying machines and will help guide NASA's environmentally responsible aviation investment strategy for the second half of its six-year project.
NASA's ERA project officials say they believe all the goals can be met if small gains in noise and fuel consumption reduction can be achieved in addition to those projected in the industry studies. The results shed light on the technology and design hurdles airline manufacturers face in trying to design lean, green flying machines and will help guide NASA's environmentally responsible aviation investment strategy for the second half of its six-year project.


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