
A questão mais importante para a Terra é determinar, após tanto tempo, o que há em seu núcleo. Recente pesquisa usando dados sísmicos sugere que o núcleo sólido de ferro que gera o campo eletromagnético de nosso planeta poderia, na verdade, ser um cristal gigante aquecido a mais de 6.000 ºC, o que é mais quente do que a superfície do Sol. Embora o ponto de fusão do ferro seja 1.535 ºC, a pressão extrema no centro da Terra pode ser suficiente para manter o núcleo sólido.
Há mais mistérios em torno dos planetas que nos cercam. Os astrofísicos tem sido atormentados por questões como, por exemplo, por que Júpiter tem um campo magnético 10 vezes mais forte do que o da Terra. Embora tenha densidade de apenas um quarto da terrestre.
“Júpiter é essencialmente uma bola de gás”, diz Ed Moses, diretor da Unidade Nacional de Ignição. “Não é massivo o suficiente para ter um núcleo de ferro como a Terra, mas por outro lado parece ter algum tipo de hidrogênio metálico líquido que é realmente magnético.
O que podemos criar na câmara de reação são condições completamente diferentes de qualquer coisa vista na Terra, e explorar o que acontece nelas. Podemos começar a olhar para questões como: chove metano dentro de Saturno? É um ambiente de alta pressão, que podemos reproduzir.”
A construção da Unidade Nacional de Ignição deverá estar terminada na primavera (do hemisfério norte), após o que os cientistas começarão a pensar em focalizar os raios laser nos alvos.
Eles esperam conseguir a “ignição”, onde irão usar o laser para disparar uma reação de fusão termonuclear controlada, dentro de um ano. E isso, também, irá oferecer novas oportunidades de estudar o cosmos: a fusão nuclear não é só uma fonte de energia potencial, mas é o motor que queima no centro das estrelas. Até hoje, só foi replicada com sucesso na explosão de armas nucleares, mas , por gerar temperaturas de mais de 100 milhões de graus e pressões superiores a 100 bilhões de atmosferas, os cientistas poderão produzir sóis em miniatura sob encomenda.
A formação de estrelas ocorre em nuvens de gás relativamente frias, como as vistas na nebulosa da Águia, onde intensa radiação ultravioleta de estrelas jovens vizinhas detona a coagulação do gás interestelar, até que as nuvens colapsam sob o próprio peso para formar novas estrelas.
Em uma escala muito reduzida, os pesquisadores esperam que a Unidade Nacional de Ignição lhes permitirá reproduzir o ciclo de vida estelar, e até reproduzir as condições que fazem as estrelas morrer em violentas explosões de supernovas.
Para os cientistas engajados e para os de fora, a Unidade nacional de Ignição promete desvendar segredos mais fantásticos do que Jules Verne jamais poderia imaginar.
“O laser é uma fonte de energia concentrada que podemos usar para explodir uma versão em escala de uma estrela e observar o que acontece”, explica Remington. “Isso parece incrivelmente fantástico para mim.”
For the adventurers in Jules Verne's classic novel A Journey to the Centre of the Earth, all it took to reveal the secrets hidden at the centre of the Earth was a simple trek into the bowels of an extinct volcano. For the scientists at the National Ignition Facility in California, however, things are rather different. In the real world, as opposed to fiction, scientists have had a hard time determining exactly what rests at the core of our planet. With 3,000 miles of solid and molten rock in the way, drilling barely scratches the surface. Instead, scientists have had to rely upon the deep echoes that emanate from beneath our feet during seismic events such as earthquakes. The result is that despite centuries of study, we still have a relatively sketchy picture of the centre of our planet – and are virtually clueless when it comes to the cores of the other planets in our solar system. With so little firm evidence available, the best scientists could do until now was to make educated guesses: that the pressures are about 3.5 million times greater than those on the surface; that temperatures reach up to 7,000C; and that – despite what it says in A Journey to the Centre of the Earth – there are no subterranean caverns filled with dinosaurs. Now, however, a colossal new experiment could at last transport us to these unexplored depths. At a cost of about $1.8 billion (£1.2 billion), the National Ignition Facility in Livermore will focus the world's most powerful laser on to a spot little bigger than a pinhead, recreating – for the briefest of instants – the conditions found at the centre of planets, and even stars. The ultimate goal at Livermore is to trigger nuclear fusion, the reaction that drives the sun, as a step towards the creation of fusion power stations, which could provide almost limitless amounts of clean energy. In the meantime, however, scientists are hoping to use the phenomenal power of the laser to simulate the interior of planets. They can do this by carefully focusing the pulse of intense light – which concentrates energy equivalent to 1,000 times the amount produced by America's national grid, or more than 10 billion times more than an ordinary household lightbulb – for a billionth of a second. Using this astonishingly precise laser beam, the researchers will be able to compress material to pressures more than 25 million times those found at sea level. As you might imagine, all this takes a lot of infrastructure. The facility itself is the size of three football pitches, in which the 500 trillion watt laser beam travels through almost a mile of lenses, mirrors and amplifiers. It is then split into 192 separate beams, which are focused on the centre of a 10-metre-wide reaction chamber coated in aluminium and concrete. Inside the chamber sits the target – a sample of fluids designed to mimic the make-up of the particular planet being studied. This is held within a gold capsule that generates high-energy X-rays when the laser beams hit it. These compress the target, creating pressures equivalent to those found at the centre of heavenly bodies. It is at these pressures that something quite exotic starts to happen, with the behaviour of even simple elements becoming highly unpredictable. At the standard pressures found on Earth, hydrogen and oxygen, for example, can combine to take three forms – either a gas, as steam; a liquid, as water; or a solid, as ice. At more extreme pressures, however, the molecular bonds between hydrogen and oxygen can stretch, break and reform in unexpected ways that resemble none of these states. The same is true with other elements and materials. "We don't know for sure what is at the centre of the planets," explains Bruce Remington, a physicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, where the National Ignition Facility is based. "Do they have solid cores, liquid cores or something else entirely? "At the high density and huge pressures we are talking about, matter starts to behave in strange ways. Using the laser, we can simulate these pressures from the surface right down to the centre." The scientists in Livermore have developed several techniques that will allow them to achieve the ultra-high densities they need, and by altering the component fluids they believe they will be able to simulate the centre of almost any planet. The most pressing question for the Earth is to determine, at long last, what sits at its core. Recent research using seismic data has suggested that the solid iron core that generates our planet's electromagnetic field could, in fact, be a single giant crystal heated to more than 6,000C, which is hotter than the surface of the Sun. Although the melting point of iron is 1,535C, the extreme pressure at the centre of the Earth is thought to be enough to keep the core solid. There are more mysteries concerning the planets that surround us. Astrophysicists have been baffled, for example, as to why Jupiter has a magnetic field 10 times stronger than that of the Earth, despite being only a quarter as dense. "Jupiter is essentially just a big ball of gas," says Ed Moses, director of the National Ignition Facility. "It is not massive enough to have an iron core like the Earth, but is instead thought to have some kind of liquid hydrogen metal that is really magnetic. "What we are able to create in the reaction chamber are conditions that are completely different from anything we see here on Earth, and explore what is going on in them. We can start to look at questions such as, is it raining methane inside Saturn? It is a high-pressure environment that we can replicate." Building work on the National Ignition Facility is due to be completed in the spring, after which scientists will begin the task of focusing the laser beams on the target. They hope to achieve "ignition", where they will use the laser to trigger a controlled thermonuclear fusion reaction, within a year. And this, too, will offer new opportunities to study the cosmos: nuclear fusion is not only a potential power source, but the engine that burns at the heart of stars. To date, it has only been replicated successfully in exploding nuclear weapons, but by generating temperatures of more than 100 million degrees and pressures of more than 100 billion atmospheres, the scientists will be able to produce miniature stars on demand. Star formation occurs in relatively cold clouds of gas such as those seen in the Eagle Nebula, where intense ultraviolet radiation from nearby young stars triggers the coagulation of the interstellar gas, until the clouds collapse under their own weight to form young stars. On a tiny scale, the researchers hope the National Ignition Facility will allow them to mimic the stellar life cycle, and even reproduce the conditions that cause stars to die in violent supernovae. For the scientists involved, and those on the sidelines, the National Ignition Facility promises to unlock secrets more fantastic than even Jules Verne was able to imagine. "The laser is a source of focused energy that we can use to blow apart a scaled version of a star and watch what happens," explains Dr Remington. "That seems pretty fantastic to me."
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